Communication & professional relationships with children, young people and adults Essay

Having the option to assemble constructive associations with others helps kids and youngsters to pick up the most from being in school and is critical to guarantee the correspondence of data among kids and the grown-ups answerable for them. We are bound to assemble a positive relationship with somebody when we can discuss successfully with them. Compelling correspondence is a method of defining limits so everybody realizes what is anticipated from them. Most contradictions and clashes are brought about by a breakdown in correspondence. Youngsters figure out how to fabricate associations with others by watching and duplicating the connections between the grown-ups around them. It is, in this way, critical to show viable relational abilities when managing others and take care with what we state and the manner in which we act when in upsetting circumstances. Kids can get befuddled in the event that we request that they act one way and, at that point give them opposing conduct which can make it harder for them to get rules and limits. 1. 2 It is critical to convey in a manner that identifies with the age and interests of the youngster, youngster or grown-up. On the off chance that others are OK with us we are bound to convey successfully. The primary standards of relationship building are: Showing regard †it is critical to listen cautiously to others’ perspective and show you are focusing on them when they are speaking Being circumspect †consider conditions which may cause pressure or upset and influence conduct at some random time Taking chance to listen †show enthusiasm for what is being said and react suitably, offering exhortation whenever mentioned Being clear †ensure any data or directions are clear and comprehended, and made in a path appropriate for age/capacity/conditions 1. 3 It can be important to adjust your correspondence style contingent upon the circumstance. Expertly a progressively formal style might be required for gatherings with associates and guardians or different grown-ups engaged with the school. Social contrasts can likewise influence correspondence. Certain practices, for example, eye to eye connection or physical contact, e. g. shaking hands, can be illegal. Certain motions or non-verbal communication might be hostile in certain societies and it is critical to know about these issues when speaking with individuals from these societies. 2. 1 On the off chance that youngsters don't feel their commitment to a discussion is esteemed they are more averse to start further correspondence. To assist them with having this certainty you have to: Give them chance to talk and express their own conclusions Make eye to eye connection and show you are effectively tuning in and focusing. On the off chance that you are turning away or accomplishing something different simultaneously youngsters will feel you are not intrigued by what they are stating Make sure you are congenial. This should most ideal be by getting down to the child’s level, on the off chance that they have to turn upward to address you they are bound to feel awkward. Grinning and responding decidedly to what they are stating likewise improves their trust in you and in their relational abilities Maintain the discussion by responding and addressing. This shows kids the ‘rules’ of correspondence and encourages them to build up a comprehension of how to convey successfully 2. 2a Children of various ages will require various degrees of consideration and consolation with correspondence. More youthful kids may need certainty and need more consolation, both vocal and physical, to make certain of their capacity to impart coordinated or in bunch circumstances. It is critical to coordinate your language to the age of the youngster you are speaking with. On the off chance that the words utilized are excessively troublesome or obscure to the kid they will experience issues understanding and taking part in the discussion. Excessively shortsighted, in either words or conveyance, and the kid/youngster may feel disparaged and irritated by your endeavors to impart and is significantly less prone to react decidedly. 2. 2b Different circumstances will require various styles of correspondence. When supporting kids in a homeroom circumstance it is imperative to keep them concentrated on the exercise. Correspondence should be firm and clear so everybody makes certain of what's going on and what is anticipated from them. In a less conventional circumstance, for example, the play area it is smarter to be increasingly loose with the kids. This can assist with building their trust in their own relational abilities yet it is, be that as it may, even now critical to keep up an obviously proficient connection with them. 2. 2c Children with correspondence challenges, for example, discourse, language or correspondence debilitation, passionate or psychological troubles will require additional time and consolation to guarantee they don't feel compelled when talking. It is critical to permit them to represent themselves so as to assemble their certainty just as their capacity to impart obviously. Where there are language or social contrasts it might be important to permit additional time for longer clarifications of inquiries/directions. Viewable signs can be useful and sometimes it might be important to utilize an interpreter. 2. 3 When speaking with kids the primary concerns talked about above, keeping in touch, reacting to what they state and so on , are equivalent to when speaking with grown-ups. Be that as it may, it is additionally critical to guarantee the relationship is consistently formal and the kid comprehends you are their carer in the school setting. When speaking with kids it is additionally critical to be clear in what is said and what is implied. Youngsters need to know precisely what is anticipated from them so they can keep on gaining from us. The jargon utilized should be suitable for the youngsters in question. Albeit more youthful kids may need embraces or to clasp hands it isn't generally proper and physical contact with offspring of all ages ought to never be started by the grown-up. 2. 4 When speaking with different grown-ups you should know about individual needs which may make viable correspondence troublesome. Grown-ups with physical weaknesses, for example, hearing challenges may require you to talk all the more gradually and unmistakably to oblige lip perusing. It might be important to give messages orally to guardians who experience issues perusing composed letters. When conveying vis-à-vis you should attempt to adjust the language you use to mirror the language utilized by the other individual. Formal gatherings will require more proper language than a casual visit. 2. 5 Most differences are brought about by absence of correspondence or miscommunication with others. The more extended a contradiction goes on the harder it will be to determine, so you should attempt to work out the issue as fast as could be expected under the circumstances. Where an issue has happened because of an absence of correspondence the most ideal approach to manage it is to talk about it with the individual required as quickly as time permits to attempt to work out a route forward. It is significant not to disregard the issue as this can mess more up later on. Another basic reason for contradictions is a distinction in assessment and desires. It is imperative to be clear about what you anticipate from a circumstance from the beginning so there is no disarray. On the off chance that guardians have an alternate sentiment from school in a circumstance it is essential to clarify unmistakably what occurs in school and why it needs to happen that way. Absence of certainty or weight from outside circumstances can likewise influence the manner in which individuals convey which thus can prompt differences. In this circumstance you have to show affectability and comprehension so as to determine the issue and keep it from heightening. It is never worthy to get into a conflict with a kid; you ought to have the option to deal with the circumstance utilizing the school’s methodology for negative conduct. You have to disclose to the youngster why you are contradicting them and once you have done this you have to follow the authorizations that are set up inside the study hall and school overall. By plummeting into a contention with a kid you are giving them a negative model to follow as opposed to showing them how to determine differences in a socially worthy way. 3. 1 Data Protection Act 1998 †any association which holds data on people should be enlisted with the Data Protection Commission. Data held must be: Processed reasonably and legally Only utilized for the reason for which it was assembled Adequate, significant and not inordinate Accurate and stayed up with the latest where essential Kept for no longer than should be expected Processed in accordance with the individual’s rights Kept secure Not moved outside the European Union without sufficient insurance 2003 Green Paper Every Child Matters prompting the Children’s Act 2004 †this was established to pressure the significance of increasingly coordinated administrations and better sharing of data between experts managing youngsters and youngsters. 3. 2 When building associations with kids, youngsters and grown-ups it is critical to promise them that any data they may give you will be kept classified. This will give them the certainty to realize they can address you if there is an issue. Realizing you won't pass data on except if you need to will assemble trust among you and the youngster/grown-up. Breaking this trust would be negative to the relationship which can prompt a hesitance to share significant data. 3. 3 If you are given data which drives you to speculate a kid might be in danger of misuse or in some other peril it is critical to give the data to the fitting individual inside the school. You should make it understood to the individual giving you the data that you can't keep it secret yet in addition that you will just give it to specific individuals and it won't be a subject of tattle inside the school.

Characteristics of Interviewing Essay

When Susan chatted with Leslie and Scott, she was conversing with an eye to eye connection and moving her hands and other body parts. She moved her head at whatever point she needed to communicate that she had the option to comprehend. Susan succeeded while keeping in touch and halting at stretch at whatever point she felt was the ideal chance to permit the reasoning method. She exhibited the pair that she was focusing on what they were stating by utilizing little expressions like â€Å"I see†, and â€Å"oh gee. Her hand developments additionally made a difference. Open finished inquiry Susan asked Leslie many open finished inquiries, for example, â€Å"Assist me, how was it useful? What is your opinion about that?† She expected to think about Leslie’s estimations and contemplations. She wished to see things from Leslie’s imminent. Susan succeeded while posing such inquiries. Leslie furnished responses transparently and gives insights concerning her inclination under given conditions. It helped in making productive conversation. Shut finished inquiry There are not many inquiries which have confined answers like Susan asking fixed finished questions to Scot, â€Å"Can you show me the evidence?† This brought about a yes or no discussion with Scott. There are not appropriate subtleties or conclusions required to answer such questions. It completes that specific area of conversation. Impression of substance or rework Susan applied the example of extraction of content and translation in the film by expressing, â€Å"In my supposition, I am listening to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and she proceeds onward with Leslie’s explanation by instructions the subtleties. Leslie then let Susan know whether she is correct. Impression of feeling An example of impression of feeling is when Susan asks Scott, â€Å"and that’s hard for you Scott?† She additionally states, â€Å"I couldn’t hear when your significant other said that, are you worried about what she considers you?† Susan prevailing with the thought of Scott’s notions and what he feels about Leslie. Reference: Sincerely Focused Couples Therapy, in Couples Therapy with the Experts 7, Governors State University. Interchanges Services. (Psychotherapy.net, 2009), 115:26 min.

Learning and Stress free essay sample

Depict how you can utilize operant molding standards to a) cease your undesired conduct and b) supplant that conduct with the attractive conduct you distinguished. Since I was in center school, I have consistently had the propensity for gnawing my nails. Previously, I have endeavored to stop. I have attempted to get acrylic nails, yet I simply wound up gnawing those as well. I even made it my New Year’s goals one year. Up until now, nothing has been effective. I might want to accept this open door to attempt to quit gnawing my nails for the last time. The course book characterizes operant molding as ‘the procedure of changing conduct using positive or negative results following explicit practices. It depends on the idea that conduct is an element of its outcomes, which might be either positive or negative. The results of conduct are utilized to impact, or shape, conduct through three procedures: fortification, discipline, and elimination. ’ While learning at the University of South Carolina, I took Psychology 101. During that class, we found out about B. F. Skinner and the ‘Skinner box. They put creatures in the container and showed them various practices that brought about a prize. They figured out how to do these practices, which would as a rule be pulling a switch, when they were given a specific prompt, for example, a light going on or a sound going off. This is probably the greatest investigation of operant molding that we found out about and this is the way I recall operant molding. I intend to utilize operant molding to quit gnawing my nails by remunerating my self for every day I prevail at not gnawing my nails. Every day I am fruitful, I will add a dollar to my ‘manicure’ support. Since a nail trim expenses around $14, on the off chance that I am fruitful for about fourteen days, I will get myself a nail trim. I ordinarily nibble my nails when I am pushed. I intend to bring a pressure ball to work and class, and I will supplant my nail gnawing with crushing the ball. Each time I want to chomp my nails, I will utilize the pressure ball. 2. Depict how you can utilize objective setting to accomplish the equivalent conduct change you portrayed in #1. Make certain to make sure to make your objective SMART (see content). I will probably not chomp my nails any longer. Savvy represents explicit, quantifiable, achievable, practical, and time-bound. My particular transient objective isn't nibble my nails when I am worried for the following fourteen days. I will quantify my prosperity toward the finish of every day. I will be fruitful on the off chance that I prevail in not gnawing my nails for that particular day. I accept this is a feasible and practical momentary objective. Since I have define the momentary objective for about fourteen days, this objective is time-bound. I will likewise quantify my prosperity consistently. 3. Portray how you can utilize social learning hypothesis to accomplish the conduct change you depict in #1 Social learning happens through the perception of others and the demonstrating of their conduct. I accept this would be hard to do with my particular objective. Since my nail gnawing is a propensity, I don’t regularly consider it before I do it. In any case, when I do see others gnawing their nails, it advises me that it is something I might want to quit doing. To apply social learning, I could attempt to be increasingly attentive and take a gander at different people’s nails. On the off chance that their nails are longer and all around prepared, this could be a sign they don't nibble their nails. Since I couldn't imagine anything better than to have longer, all around prepared nails, I could recollect that I might want the acquire them when taken a gander at different people’s decent nails. This could be a reminded not to nibble my own. Presently, utilize one or a blend of the presentation the board systems you depicted to really change your conduct. That’s right, select a methodology dependent on at least one of these methodologies and do it. Portray what you did for the current week and later in the diary (at the end) report on how effective you were in accomplishing the ideal conduct change over the time staying in the course (note: social change for the most part takes some time, however you ought to have the option to accomplish probably a portion of your objective inside the following a month and a half). I will endeavor to utilize the operant molding technique to quit gnawing my nails. I will compensate my self by adding a dollar to my ‘manicure’ finance for every day I am fruitful in not gnawing my nails. I will likewise plan to bring a pressure ball to work and class. At the point when I want to nibble my nails, I will press the pressure ball. I will supplant my nail gnawing propensity with utilizing the pressure ball. During the primary week, I earned 5 dollars. I made a mistake and began to chomp my nails during one of my classes. I didn’t even acknowledge I was doing it for around 5 minutes. I likewise fouled up one more day while doing schoolwork. I was effective in carrying my pressure ball with me to class and work, however didn't wind up utilizing it over and over again. I think I have to put forth a greater amount of an attempt to take it out when I am at my work area or in class. Following 19 days, I have earned the $14 I need treat myself to a nail trim. In spite of the fact that it took me longer than I had sought after, I am pleased with myself for finishing my first objective. Presently, I want to proceed with the framework and treat myself to another nail trim in about fourteen days. Despite the fact that I would not look at this as a total achievement, I have absolutely enhanced gnawing my nails short of what I did before this activity. 4. What do you consider to be your most significant wellspring of stress? In light of what you read about how to adapt to pressure, what do you consider to be the most ideal approach to viably adapt to this wellspring of stress? I feel that one of my most significant hotspots for stress is at present time weight and time the board. Since I began the MBA program this semester, I have been endeavoring to offset my homework with my activity and my own life. Now and again it appears that there are sufficiently not hours in the day. I believe that essential anticipation would be the best choice for me to deal with my pressure. The book says for time-the executives to think about improving arranging and organizing my exercises. I endeavor to do this by keeping a composed organizer with the entirety of my assignments and arrangements. I feel that I could improve by organizing my exercises more than I as of now do.

Gun Control: Should the Second Amendment of the Constitution be Updated

As indicated by the F.B.I., 14,369 homicides including guns occurred in the year 2013 inside the United States. We as Americans reserve the privilege to â€Å"bear arms,† anyway there can be a few changes to at any rate attempt to limit these losses. The second Amendment states â€Å"A very much controlled Militia, being important to the security of a Free State, the privilege of the individuals to keep and remain battle ready, will not be infringed.† This might be obsolete since we have a solid military (that is our â€Å"well managed Militia,†) to ensure our security, yet can a privilege be scratched off the Constitution in light of someone’s understanding?      Perhaps there can be a few changes to the laws to figure out who can claim a gun and what sorts of weapons can be sold. In Arizona and numerous different states there are no grants required to buy any kind of gun. While different states have more laws to figure out who can possess a firearm. New York expects you to have a grant to buy and afterward register a handgun. The grant might be given if the candidate is more than 18 years old, has not been sentenced for a crime or went through over one year in jail, and isn't a junkie, heavy drinker or indicted for an opiates offense. New York additionally requires the weapon stores selling rifles, shotguns, or handguns, give the firearm a locking gadget and a name on safe stockpiling. As of March, 2001, any guns vendor authorized in the territory of New York must give to the state police, alongside the first receipt of offer, a fixed holder encasing a shell packaging from the handgun sold inside ten days of the exchange of a handgun.      Gun control bunches are mentioning a bill that would make a national handgun authorizing and enlistment framework, and that would stretch out the Brady law to the optional market of handgun buys, for example, weapon appears. Under the Brady II enactment it will be illicit to sell, convey, or in any case move a handgun to somebody who doesn't have a FFL (Federal Firearms License), except if the seller confirms that the purchaser has a substantial state handgun permit. It will likewise make it an infringement of the law for any individual who doesn't hold a FFL to acquire, either through buy or as a blessing, a handgun or handgun ammo except if they have a legitimate state handgun permit. Brady II would require state authorities to set up and deal with a permit sys... ...fense isn't a satisfactory explanation. In the years 1996-1997, Australia demolished just about 700,000 weapons, which are around one-seventh the firearms in Australia. In America that number would associate with 30 million. By 1998, murders by guns were down 30% in Australia. In 1991 and 1995 Canada built up new weapon laws lessening the quantity of passings brought about by firearms to a multi year low. The UK restricted handguns and demolished the weapons the legislature purchased from the residents. Inside a year later, weapon related infringement have diminished by thirteen percent in England and Wales. Some state that Americans are multiple times almost certain than British residents to be killed by a gun. Numerous individuals in America would prefer not to see a restriction on guns, yet on the off chance that that isn't the appropriate response what is? Maybe what we need is for the counter firearm gatherings and the master weapon gatherings to meet up and arrive at a type of a trade off that could help diminish our nation’s manslaughter rates. References: National Center for Health Statistics Place for Disease Control and Prevention FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) NRA (National Rifle Association) John McCain @ mccain.senate.gov www.guncite.com www.converge.org

Let the games begin!

Let the games begin! Hey prefrosh! Welcome to campus! If youre not here yet, hurry up and get here, and if you are, you shouldnt waste too much time reading our silly blogs theyll still be here after you leave. However, if you arent sure what to do yet with your CPW, here are some tips from my experience last year / my observations of other peoples experiences. In no particular order, Dont spend too much time with your host! CPW is not meet this cool one MIT student and get to know them and blah blah blah. Although your host is probably a fairly awesome person, theyll be around for at least one more year (unless theyre old, in which case, why are you hanging around with somebody so old and crusty anyway? Just kidding, seniors). CPW is a chance for you to meet people in your grade and go to once-in-a-CPWtime events and have once-in-a-CPWtime experiences! If you like your host, maybe hang out with them once, but dont just go to their events and their living group; youll miss a lot. If Americas supposed to be a melting pot, then MIT is a boiling cauldron of every possible kind of weirdness (and some sanity) that youll ever encounter. Dont get a sheltered perspective! Go out, see it all. Your host tell you East Campus is weird and scary? So what! Live a little, get over here (I live in EC, and I dont bite). Your host tell you West Campus is full of jocks? I know first hand thats not true, and I also know firsthand that even those jocks can be pretty cool. Go out there and explore! Seriously. I feel that girls especially often feel too pressured to spend time with their hosts; sorry, my host and I are going to lunch! And then shes going to show me BLAH BLAH BLAH. You like her? Catch her after the fun, when youre recuperating. Make friends in your grade! Although this is a spillover from the general-CPW-rant that the previous item became, its important enough to be repeated here. I still know and talk to a number of people I met during CPW, whom I would never have met otherwise during my freshman year. I think my phones contact book filled up during CPW faster than it did when they transferred my bajillion contacts after purchase; seriously, if you do decide to come here, these are the people youll be learning, growing, blah blah blah cheesy metaphor with. Although the undergraduates already here are many kinds of awesome, your grade is going to be 1/4 of it for 4 years, and theyll the people youll have the chance to know for the longest. Get to know them! Eat a lot. CPW is full of free food. Enough said. That $20 in tech cash they give you? Use it right away for non-food (buy something semi-useful at Verdes, if you can) because theres food all over, 24/7. And its not half-bad. CPW should be more or less free. Dont spend too much time in any one place. This ones a broader version of the first point; CPW is a smorgasboard of smorgasms*, and you should have them all. Or something. Again: Youll have four years. *I dont know what that means or is even supposed to mean; dont ask. Come to MITERS! Shameless plug. Chris and I were going to try to get you to come hang out at MITERS, but we had too much work this week to do the blog post we wanted to. MITERS has spawned a number of cool things, the most famous of which Ill just link you to right now: a (non-river) Charles. In a nutshell, if youve ever decided something on instructables was cool, come to MITERS. Its not that far very close to Chicago pizza (open till 4am, if you need a place to snag a drink), just a 2 minute walk down Mass Ave from the Student Center and itll definitely be worth the trip. Directions: N52-115. Best time to come is probably Friday night, 7pm onwards, before your parties start up. Its in the butt-end of the MIT Museum building, kind-of. Edit: MITERS has spawned more than Charles. See: Squid Labs (Instructables! Whoa, we spawned that?), Z-Corp, more. Whoa. (If you dont know what those are, use your google) BE FLEXIBLE! I think this also repeats the general idea present in most of these tips (play Twister? nyuk nyuk nyuk, puns), but: dont fix your schedule! There are cool things that come up, and even if you really really really were planning on going to have pancakes or play foosball at living group X, dont hesitate to go with the flow and live in the moment and other cliches, because CPW should be spontaneous. Plan it out, and youre liable to miss out on a number of cool things. I think I also missed out on some of the official / mandatory / whatever events, but hey, those might be pretty cool too. Activities Midway / Academic Fair = bags of swag. Its like halloween. Last minute addendum: See a sunrise! Sleep may or may not be for pansies, but you can afford to do it at least once this weekend. Good fun. Ok, Cam out. Time to do my work so I can haze you all (legal note: kidding) when you get here; one last note, if you see me at any time during the weekend feel free to say hi, ask a question, whatever! I promise to give you wrong directions and whatnot, so that you look even more like a lost prefrosh. Peace.

Nursing Case Study On Communication And Leadership - 275 Words

Nursing Case Study On Communication And Leadership (Case Study Sample) Content: Communication and LeadershipStudents NameInstitutionThe problem in the sunrise hospital is poor leadership and communication. The hospital lack leadership that can inspire the teamwork, create sustainable value or motivate the performance. The leadership seems to lack vision because the hospital does not have a clear and achievable goal. It is like a blind leading another blind in the hospital (Anonson, Walker, Arries, Maposa, Telfor Berry, 2014)The problem in the hospital is Nurse Olivia Witte who is the interdisciplinary team leader in the hospital. She does not differentiate herself from other members of the organization. Nurse Olivia Witte does not understand the concept of service above self that is why those who she leads does not have trust, confidence nor are they loyal to her. The team seems not to have the desire to be led by her that is why when she was consulting some of the physicians they flattered that they would not follow ccokbook concocted by nurses .Nurse Olivia should change her mode of leadership and maybe give room for other members in the hospital to give their views. This will help her to realize where the problem is and in the process, people will feel involved in decision-making. Secondly, Olivia should find a way of making people come together and work as a team. She can, for instance, organize a team building trip that will enable the members to solve their differences (Chuang, Jackson Jiang, 2016).Nurse Olivia Witte should use face to face mode of communication to prevent delayed decision-making. Olivia must first understand that leadership that is effective starts by trust and in this case for her to gain the trust of her juniors she must deploy interpersonal communication. Speaking easily and confidently usually establish credibility which is necessary for leadership. In addition, interpersonal communication will prevent misunderstandings between the leadership of the institution with the employees of the hospital . It will also enhance clarity and immediate feedback (Chuang, Jackson Jiang, 2016).The most important factor that nurse Olivia is to improve her relationship with every representative. The second most vital factor in an administrator's capacity to rouse representatives is making a workplace and authoritative culture that encourages worker inspiration and engagement (Pangil Moi Chan, 2014).Nurse Witte should also create a work culture that comprises an environment where representatives are trusted, treated like the grown-ups, and not micromanaged. Workers are endowed with the qualities, vision, mission, and vital system inside which they are required to fulfill their occupations. She should also ensure they get frequent communication, are approached with respect and consideration and have a contribution to each aspect of the work they are employed to create. These are factors that assistance deliver a situation in which representatives will pick inspiration to fulfill the necessit ies of their work (Pangil Moi Chan, 2014).Nurse Witte should first communicate to local home representatives who were planning for...

Family And Identity In Erasure, By Percival Everett

In the well-known novel â€Å"Erasure† author Percival Everett, entertains the reader by having a â€Å"story within the story.† The main character, Stagg Lee is the author of â€Å"My Pafology† a story about a black boy that depicts the typical black male in society. However, when Monk is not occupied by his profession, he struggles with identity crises in his personal life. Throughout his life, family has been an important aspect. His parents were one of the reasons why he had a sense of identity. However, that all changes when family secrets are revealed. Family and art, is used by Everett in the story to show how Monk struggles with his self-identity. Thelonious Ellison, also known as Monk, is intimidated by the success of other African American†¦show more content†¦Meaning that people look for acceptance through the eyes of others, especially the white populations. Dubois mentions that, an individual should be able to be a Negro and an American. DuB ois’s arguments about the efficiency of black Americans is useful in understanding the identity crisis faced by Monk Ellison. DuBois highlights that it is hard to be in a world with racial expectations, while still being artistic. In the beginning of Erasure, Monk mentions that, â€Å"The novel is finely crafted, with fully developed characters, rich language and subtle play with the plot, but one is lost to understand what this reworking of Aeschylus’ The Persians has to do with the African American experience† (Everett 2). Monk is creating art with his own personal, artistry and critical thinking skills. However, in Dubois opinion, he is still held to a certain extent, because he is black. It is the unbalance of being black and an author that creates a problem for Monk. Monk’s family, especially his parents, created Monk’s identity. Monk is confident, but also uncomfortable with who he is. He is comfortable with how people label and judge him, which also makesShow MoreRelatedReview Of Rowling s 1154 Words   |  5 Pagesreveals the pressure for an author to change their identity to fit a particular genre can be overwhelming, regardless of the level of respect one has earned in the literary world. In Rowling s case, her writing style gave her away, and her authentic identity became uncovered after her first novel as Galbraith. Would readers ultimately have discovered the link between Stagg R. Leigh and Thelonious Monk Ellison if Monk s ruse continued? Everett left the reader to ponder how Monk decided to handle

Essay on Hawaiian Navigation - 1365 Words

Hawaiian Navigation How did the Polynesians find their way to Hawaii, over two thousand miles from any other land? Was it over population at home, or political turmoil? Whatever reason for leaving these people used amazing knowledge and skill of the ocean and of the sky to navigate them to this new land. They faced the unknown and braved into the wide-open ocean for long periods of time. The real focus in this paper is on the navigation techniques that they used in these voyages throughout the Pacific. Its impossible to teach someone the significance or the act of loving the stars and the ocean but thats what makes navigation without instruments (wayfinding) so beautiful. One can give the heavens a meaning his own meaning†¦show more content†¦Then in the 1980s came the voyages of rediscovery navigated by Nainoa Thompson from Hawaii to Tahiti and from Tahiti back to Hawaii. Thompson was the first Hawaiian to sail this route in over 500 years. The voyages in between took the Hokulea (some 16000 miles) to the Society Islands, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Tonga, Samoa and back home via Aitutaki, Tahiti, Rangiroa in the Tuamotu Archipelago (Baybayan, Kawaharada, 1996). The Hokulea became the symbol of pride in Polynesian heritage that links all the people of Polynesia together. In the 1990s there were more voyages to Marquesan Islands and from the West Coast of the United States up to Alaska. This is when education became the focus of the voyages of the Hokulea. They then built the Hawaiiloa, another Polynesian voyaging canoe, this one made of traditional materials. The Hawaiiloa added to the curiosity and the revival of culture throughout the world. The natives of all ands throughout the world are figuring out the importance of their cultures and bringing back the knowledge. Now all cultures worldwide can help each other save the past and use it for the future. Techniques : Nainoa Thompson created the star compass, as the basis for direction finding in non-instrument navigation. The horizon is divided into 32 sections called houses. Nainoa has placedShow MoreRelatedThe Great Islands Of Hawaii There Was A Prophecy Foretold By One Of The Highest Ranking Kapunas1794 Words   |  8 Pagesforetold by one of the highest ranking Kapunas. This Kapuna stated that when a comet lit the Hawaiian sky, that year a baby boy would be born, and this baby would be the one to move the great Naha stone that sat on the Hilo side of the Big Island, and he would be the killer of kings and finally unite the Hawaiian island chain under one throne. Thus the year Halley’s comet made an appearance over the Hawaiian islands in the year 1758 a boy named Kamehameha was born on the big island whose named translatedRead MoreThe Great Islands Of Hawaii There Was Prophecy Foretold By One Of The Highest Ranking Kapunas1782 Words   |  8 Pagesforetold by one of the highest ra nking Kapunas. This Kapuna stated that when a comet lights the hawaiian sky, that year a baby boy would be born, and this baby would be the one to move the great Naha stone that sat on the hilo side of the big island, and he would be the killer of kings and finally unite the Hawaiian island chain under one throne. Thus the year Halley’s comet made an appearance over the Hawaiian islands in the year 1758 a boy named Kamehameha was born on the big island whose named translatedRead MoreA Study On Hawaiian Airlines1929 Words   |  8 Pages Hawaiian Airlines Karreem L. Lisbon Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University This paper will cover information about Hawaiian airlines. 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Essay about introduction to Psychodynamic Therapies

UNDERSTANDINGTHE DYNAMICS OF OBJECT RELATIONS WITH KLEIN and WINNICOT Zeynep Yildirim Fricker The unexamined life is not worth living. Socrates Introduction This is an introductory work to Psychodynamic Approaches. It aims to develop some understanding of the dynamics of the object relations, by presenting elements of both Klein and Winnicot’s approaches. Considering the size and the complexity of the subject, this essay should be considered as a summary of the summary. Every theory is born from assumptions and these assumptions became core principles of that theory. I therefore found it useful to explain the core assumptions of Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Theories in part 1. There are a few approaches to†¦show more content†¦These drives come from the â€Å"id†, seeking satisfaction and avoiding suffering. Object relations emphasise the drive of seeking a relationship in addition to other drives. 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Business Biblical Values And Analyze How Productivity,...

I am not terribly involved in stocks, Wall Street, or international trade. The only news I receive about business is when a non-profit is funded or corruption is discovered in a major corporation. Reading Grudem’s book gave me insight into issues businesses face, both internally and externally. His book also claims that every aspect of business is fundamentally good from a Biblical standpoint. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate business under Biblical values and analyze how productivity, profit, and competition can be used and misused in Biblical context. By the definition Merriam-Webster provides, business is defined as, â€Å"the activity of making, buying, or selling goods or providing services in exchange for money.† Business present-day is indeed profitable; albeit riddled with pitfalls. However, from a Biblical stance, an important matter is how that wealth is attained and handled. Luke 16:11 offers a good perspective on this wealth compared to true wealth from God. 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Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear Free Essays

string(63) " production of highly regarded binoculars, with a few changes\." SENSE OF SIGHT†¦. The eyes are sensory organs. They keep the brain updated with information about is what happening around the body. We will write a custom essay sample on Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both contain millions of tiny sensors that send messages along nerves to the brain. Sensors in the eyes respond to light and, through the brain, let us see the world. Sensors in the skin respond to touch and allows us to feel. * * * * The seeing eye†¦ Light enters the eye through the clear cornea. It then passes through the pupil and is focused by the lens on the retina. This thin layer covers the back of the eye and contains cells that are sensitive to light. When light hits the cells, they send signals to the brain. There, the signals are turned into pictures so we can see. Telescope†¦ A  telescope  is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation  (such as  visible light). The first known practical telescopes were invented in the  Netherlands  at the beginning of the 17th century, using glass lenses. They found use in terrestrial applications and astronomy. Within a few decades, the  reflecting telescope  was invented, which used mirrors. In the 20th century many new types of telescopes were invented, including  radio telescopes  in the 1930s and  infrared telescopes  in the 1960s. The word  telescope  now refers to a wide range of instruments detecting different regions of the  electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors. History†¦ The earliest recorded working telescopes were the  refracting telescopes  that appeared in the Netherlands  in 1608. Their development is credited to three individuals:  Hans Lippershey  and Zacharias Janssen, who were spectacle makers in Middelburg, and  Jacob Metius  of Alkmaar. 4]  Galileo  heard about the Dutch telescope in June 1609, built his own within a month,[5]  and greatly improved upon the design in the following year. The idea that the  objective, or light-gathering element, could be a mirror instead of a lens was being investigated soon after the invention of the refracting telescope. [6]  The potential advan tages of using  parabolic mirrors—reduction of  spherical aberration  and no  chromatic aberration—led to many proposed designs and several attempts to build  reflecting telescopes. 7]  In 1668,  Isaac Newton  built the first practical reflecting telescope, of a design which now bears his name, the  Newtonian reflector. The invention of the  achromatic lens  in 1733 partially corrected color aberrations present in the simple lens and enabled the construction of shorter, more functional refracting telescopes. Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing  speculum metal  mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857,[8]  and aluminized mirrors in 1932. 9]  The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (40  inches), dictating that the vast majority of large optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors. The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger than 10  m (33  feet). The 20th century also saw the development of telescopes that worked in a wide range of wavelengths from  radio  to  gamma-rays. The first purpose built radio telescope went into operation in 1937. Since then, a tremendous variety of complex astronomical instruments have been developed. How to use†¦ * Find an area where the items you wish to view aren’t obstructed by trees to set up your telescope so that you get a clear view of the sky. * Look to see if your telescope has a polar axis. If it does, it will track whatever you are looking at. If you have a telescope with a polar axis, follow your manufacturer’s directions on how to align the polar axis and the finder scope. * Select the eyepiece with the lowest magnification that you have. Always start with the lowest magnification eyepiece until you become more experienced in using your telescope. Locate the item in the night sky that you wish to observe and focus in on it. Move the planet or star you are viewing as close to the center of the field of view in the eyepiece as possible. * Remove the low magnification eyepiece and replace it with an eyepiece with a higher magnification. * Readjust the alignment of the telescope when the planet or star drifts out of view if you have a manual telescope mount. * Continue in this manner, observing different visible planets and stars. Binoculars †¦ Binoculars,  field glasses  or  binocular telescopes  are a pair of identical or mirror-symmetrical  telescopes  mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from  opera glasses  to large pedestal mounted military models. Many different abbreviations are used for binoculars, including  glasses, nocs ,noculars ,  binos  and  bins. Unlike a (monocular) telescope, binoculars give users a three-dimensional image: for nearer objects the two views, presented to ach of the viewer’s eyes from slightly different viewpoints, produce a merged view with an  impression of depth. History †¦ No sooner was the telescope invented in than the early 1600s than did astronomers get the idea of mounting two of them together, effectively inventing the first binoculars. Galileo (who is often falsely credited with having invented binoculars) adapted an earlier design, using optics that combined convex and concave lenses to create a magnifying effect just like that used today in the cheapest nonprismatic glasses marketed for sports or theater viewing, or for use by children. In the mid-1850s, Ignazio Porro of Italy patented a design using two prisms constructed in a Z shape to present the viewer with an image that not only is better magnified, but has depth. The Porro prism design was followed a few decades later by the roof prism, in which the prisms are constructed in one unit. Soon, binoculars were adapted for military use, and were employed during the Civil War. Quality made a big jump around the turn of the 19th century, and continued to be refined in the early 1900s. With the advent of World War II, more manufacturers entered the binoculars market, including, in the United States, Bausch ; Lomb. Germany continued with its production of highly regarded binoculars, with a few changes. You read "Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear" in category "Essay examples" For example, Zeiss, one of the top names in binoculars, experienced a confusing shift, with a new factory established in East Germany under Russian control with the Zeiss name while another factory named Zeiss was began exporting from West Germany, according to a history in the 1961 book Binoculars and Scopes and Their Uses in Photography, by Robert J. and Elsa Reichert. Japan exports binoculars via various manufacturers, and some U. S. ompanies import Japanese-made binoculars but sell them under the U. S. company name. How to use†¦ * Put the binocular strap around your neck. Wearing the neck-strap gives you the ability to use both hands while you are using the binoculars. * Adjust the barrels of the binoculars — each side you look into — to the width of your face. Generally, all you need to do i s move the barrels closer together or further apart as you hold the binoculars up to your eyes. If you have adjusted the binoculars correctly, you should not see a black â€Å"border† when you look through the eyepieces. Locate the central focus wheel, usually in the middle of the two barrels of the binoculars. Turn the wheel slowly as you look at a particular object in the distance to get the best focus for your eyes. * Fine-tune your viewing even more if you have a diopter focus mechanism on your binoculars. Not all binoculars have this focus element, which helps compensate for the difference in vision that you might experience in each of your eyes. The diopter focus adjustment wheel is usually on the right-hand barrel. * Keep both eyes open as you view your target objects. You might need to re-focus from time to time. * Clean your binoculars after using them. A soft, damp cloth is sufficient for the body of the binoculars. Treated tissue paper used to clean cameras and eye glasses is safe for wiping the lenses. Store binoculars in their carrying case when you’re not using them. Microscope †¦ A  microscope  (from the  Ancient Greek:   ,  mikros, â€Å"small† and   ,  skopein, â€Å"to look† or â€Å"see†) is an  instrument  used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called  microscopy . Microscopic  means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. There are many types of microscopes, the most common and first to be invented is theoptical microscope  which uses  light  to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are the  electron microscope  (both the  transmission electron microscope  and the  scanning electron microscope) and the various types of  scanning probe microscope History †¦ The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. An early microscope was made in 1590 in  Middelburg, Netherlands. 1]  Two  eyeglass  makers are variously given credit:  Hans Lippershey   (who developed an early  telescope) and  Zacharias Janssen. Giovanni Faber  coined the namemicroscope   for  Galileo Galilei’s compound microscope in 1625  [2]  (Galileo had called it the â€Å"occhiolino† or â€Å"little eye†). How to useâ⠂¬ ¦. * When moving your microscope, always carry it with both hands (Figure 1, below). Grasp the arm with one hand and place the other hand under the base for support. * Turn the revolving nosepiece so that the lowest power objective lens is â€Å"clicked† into position (This is also the shortest objective lens). Your microscope slide should be prepared with a coverslip or cover glass over the specimen. This will help protect the objective lenses if they touch the slide. Place the microscope slide on the stage and fasten it with the stage clips. You can push down on the back end of the stage clip to open it. * Look at the objective lens and the stage from the side (Figure 2) and turn the coarse focus knob so that the objective lens moves downward (or the stage, if it moves, goes upward). Move it as far as it will go  without touching the slide! * 5. Now, look through the eyepiece and adjust the illuminator (or mirror) and diaphragm (Figure 3) for the greatest amount of light. | | | * Slowly turn the coarse adjustment so that the objective lens goes  up  (away from the slide). Continue until the image comes into focus. Use the fine adjustment, if available, for fine focusing. If you have a microscope with a moving stage, then turn the coarse knob so the stage moves downward or away from the objective lens. * Move the microscope slide around so that the image is in the center of the field of view and readjust the mirror, illuminator or diaphragm for the clearest image. Now, you should be able to change to the next objective lenses with only minimal use of the focusing adjustment. Use the fine adjustment, if available. If you cannot focus on your specimen, repeat steps 4 through 7 with the higher power objective lens in place. Do not allow the objective lens to touch the slide! * The proper way to use a monocular microscope is to look through the eyepiece with one eye and keep the other eye open (this helps avoid eye strain). If you have to close one eye when looking into the microscope, it’s ok. Remember, everything is upside down and backwards. When you move the slide to the right, the image goes to the left! * Do not touch the glass part of the lenses with your fingers. Use only special lens paper to clean the lenses. * When finished, raise the tube (or lower the stage), click the low power lens into position and remove the slide. * Always keep your microscope covered when not in use. Submarine†¦ A  submarine  is a  watercraft  capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a  submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term submarine most commonly refers to a large crewed autonomous vessel. However, historically or colloquially, submarine can also refer to medium-sized or smaller vessels (midget submarines,  wet subs),  remotely operated vehiclesor  robots. The adjective  submarine, in terms such as  submarine cable, means â€Å"under the sea†. The noun  submarine  evolved as a shortened form of  submarine boat(and is often further shortened to  sub). [1]  For reasons of  naval traditionsubmarines are usually referred to as â€Å"boats† rather than as â€Å"ships†, regardless of their size. Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, and they were adopted by several navies. Submarines were first widely used during  World War I  (1914–1918) and now figure in many large  navies. Military usage includes attacking enemy surface ships or submarines,  aircraft carrier  protection,  blockaderunning,  ballistic missile submarines  as part of a nuclear strike force,  reconnaissance, conventional land attack (for example using acruise missile), and covert insertion of  special forces. Civilian uses for submarines include  marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection/maintenance. Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or  undersea cable  repair. Submarines are also used in tourism, and for  undersea archaeology. Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical (and/or conical) ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines this structure is the â€Å"sail† in American usage, and â€Å"fin† in European usage. A â€Å"conning tower† was a feature of earlier designs: a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller (or pump jet) at the rear and various hydrodynamic control fins as well as ballast tanks. Smaller, deep diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout. Submarines have one of the largest ranges of capabilities in any vessel, ranging from small autonomous examples to one- or two-person vessels operating for a few hours, to vessels which can remain submerged for 6 months such as the  Russian  Typhoon class  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the biggest submarines ever built and in use. Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human  divers. Modern deep diving submarines are derived from the  bathyscaphe, which in turn was an evolution of the  diving bell. History†¦ The first submersible of which we have reliable information on its construction was built in 1620 by  Cornelius Drebbel, a  Dutchman  in the service of  James I of England. It was created to the standards of the design outlined by English mathematician  William Bourne. It was propelled by means of oars. The precise nature of the submarine type is a matter of some controversy; some claim that it was merely a bell towed by a boat. Two improved types were tested in the  Thames  between 1620 and 1624. In 2002 a two-person version of Bourne’s design was built for the  BBC  TV programme  Building the Impossible  by  Mark Edwards, and successfully rowed under water at  Dorney Lake,  Eton. Though the first submersible vehicles were tools for exploring under water, it did not take long for inventors to recognize their military potential. The strategic advantages of submarines were set out by Bishop  John Wilkins  of  Chester, England, in  Mathematicall Magick  in 1648: 1. This private: a man may thus go to any coast in the world invisibly, without discovery or prevented in his journey. 2. This safe, from the uncertainty of Tides, and the violence of Tempests, which do never move the sea above five or six paces deep. From Pirates and Robbers which do so infest other voyages; from ice and great frost, which do so much endanger the passages towards the Poles. 3. It may be of great advantages against a Navy of enemies, who by this may be undermined in the water and blown up. 4. It may be of special use for the relief of any place besieged by water, to convey unto them invisible supplies; and so likewise for the surprisal of any place that is accessible by water. 5. It may be of unspeakable benefit for submarine experiment How it work†¦ The adaptations and inventions that allow sailors to not only fight a battle, but also live for months or even years underwater are some of the most brilliant developments in military history. In this article, you will see how a submarine dives and surfaces in the water, how life support is maintained, how the submarine gets its power, how a submarine finds its way in the deep ocean and how submarines might be rescued. Ultrasound scanning device†¦ Ultrasound  is a cyclic  sound  pressure wave with a  frequency  greater than the upper limit of the human  hearing range. Ultrasound is thus not separated from â€Å"normal† (audible) sound based on differences in physical properties, only the fact that humans cannot hear it. Although this limit varies from person to person, it is approximately 20  kilohertz  (20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20  kHz up to several gigahertz. Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasonic imaging (sonography) is used in human and veterinary medicine. In non-destructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning and for mixing, and to accelerate chemical processes. Organisms such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles. Ultrasonics  is the application of  ultrasound. Ultrasound can be used for imaging, detection, measurement, and cleaning. At higher power levels ultrasonics are useful for changing the chemical  . History †¦ Acoustics, the science of sound, starts as far back as  Pythagoras  in the 6th century BC, who wrote on the mathematical properties of stringed instruments. Sir  Francis Galton  constructed  a whistle  producing ultrasound in 1893. The first technological application of ultrasound was an attempt to detect icebergs by  Paul Langevin  in 1917. The  piezoelectric effect  discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880 was useful in transducers to generate and detect ultrasonic waves in air and water. [2]  Echolocation  in bats was discovered byLazzaro Spallanzani  in 1794, when he demonstrated that bats hunted and navigated by inaudible sound and not vision. How it works†¦ There are many reasons to get an ultrasound. Perhaps you’re pregnant, and your obstetrician wants you to have an ultrasound to check on the developing baby or determine the due date. Maybe you’re having problems with blood  circulation in a limb or your heart, and your doctor has requested a Doppler ultrasound to look at the blood flow. Ultrasound has been a popular medical imaging technique for many years. Ultrasound  or  ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high frequency sound waves and their echoes. The technique is similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales and dolphins, as well as SONAR used by  submarines. In this article, we’ll look at how ultrasound works, what type of ultrasound techniques are vailable and what each technique can be used for. Magnifying glass†¦ A  magnifying glass  (called a  hand lens  in laboratory contexts) is a  convex lens  that is used to produce a  magnified  image  of an object. The  lens  is usually mounted in a frame with a handle (see image). A  sheet magnifier  consists of many very narrow concentric ring-shaped lenses, such that the combination a cts as a single lens but is much thinner. This arrangement is known as aFresnel lens. The magnifying glass is an icon of  detective fiction, particularly that of  Sherlock Holmes. History †¦ The earliest evidence of â€Å"a magnifying device, a convex lens forming a magnified image† was Aristophanes’s â€Å"lens†, from 424 BC, a glass globe filled with water. (Seneca  wrote that it could be used to read letters â€Å"no matter how small or dim†). [1]  Roger Bacon  described the properties of a magnifying glass in 13th-century  England. Eyeglasses  were developed in 13th-century  Italy. How it works†¦ The  magnification  of a magnifying glass depends upon where it is placed between the user’s eye and the object being viewed, and the total distance between them. The  magnifying power  is equivalent to  angular magnification  (this should not be confused with  optical power, which is a different quantity). The magnifying power is the ratio of the sizes of the images formed on the user’s retina with and without the lens. [3]  For the â€Å"without† case, it is typically assumed that the user would bring the object as close to the eye as possible without it becoming blurry. This point, known as the  near point,  varies with age. In a young child it can be as close as 5  cm, while in an elderly person it may be as far as one or two metres. Magnifiers are typically characterized using a â€Å"standard† value of 0. 25  m. The highest magnifying power is obtained by putting the lens very close to the eye and moving the eye and the lens together to obtain the best  focus. The object will then typically also be close to the lens. Sense of hearing†¦ Hearing,  auditory perception, or  audition  is the ability to perceive  sound  by detectingvibrations,  changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the  ear. Sound may be heard through  solid,  liquid, or  gaseous  matter. It is one of the traditional five  senses. The inability to hear is called  deafness. In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the  auditory system: vibrations are detected by the  ear  and transduced into nerve impulses that are perceived by the  brain  (primarily in the  temporal lobe). Like  touch, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of mechanosensation. Stethoscope †¦ The  stethoscope  is an acoustic  medical  device for  auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body. It is often used to listen to lung and  heart sounds. It is also used to listen to  intestines  and blood flow in  arteries  and  veins. In combination with asphygmomanometer, it is commonly used for measurements of  blood pressure. Less commonly, â€Å"mechanic’s stethoscopes† are used to listen to internal sounds made by machines, such as diagnosing a malfunctioning automobile engine by listening to the sounds of its internal parts. Stethoscopes can also be used to check scientific vacuum chambers for leaks, and for various other small-scale acoustic monitoring tasks. A stethoscope that intensifies auscultatory sounds is called  phonendoscope. History†¦ The stethoscope was invented in  France  in 1816 by  Rene Laennec  at the  Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital  in  Paris. [1]  It consisted of a wooden tube and was monaural. His device was similar to the common  ear trumpet, a historical form of hearing aid; indeed, his invention was almost indistinguishable in structure and function from the trumpet, which was commonly called a â€Å"microphone†. The first flexible stethoscope of any sort may have been a binaural instrument with articulated joints not very clearly described in 1829. 2]  In 1840,Golding Bird  described a stethoscope he had been using with a flexible tube. Bird was the first to publish a description of such a stethoscope but he noted in his paper the prior existence of an earlier design (which he thought was of little utility) which he described as the snake ear trumpet. Bird’s stethoscope ha d a single earpiece. [3]  In 1851, Irish physician Arthur Leared invented a binaural stethoscope, and in 1852 George Cammann perfected the design of the instrument for commercial production, which has become the standard ever since. Cammann also wrote a major treatise on diagnosis by auscultation, which the refined binaural stethoscope made possible. By 1873, there were descriptions of a differential stethoscope that could connect to slightly different locations to create a slight stereo effect, though this did not become a standard tool in clinical practice. The medical historian  Jacalyn Duffin  has argued that the invention of the stethoscope marked a major step in the redefinition of disease from being a bundle of symptoms, to the current sense of a disease as a problem with an anatomical system even if there are no noticeable symptoms. This re-conceptualiization occurred in part, Duffin argues, because prior to the stethoscopes, there were no non-lethal instruments for exploring internal anatomy. [4] Rappaport and Sprague designed a new stethoscope in the 1940s, which became the standard by which other stethoscopes are measured, consisting of two sides, one of which is used for the respiratory system, the other for the cardiovascular system. The Rappaport-Sprague was later made by  Hewlett-Packard. HP’s medical products division was spun off as part of Agilent Technologies, Inc. , where it became Agilent Healthcare. Agilent Healthcare was purchased byPhilips  which became Philips Medical Systems, before the walnut-boxed, $300, original Rappaport-Sprague stethoscope was finally abandoned ca. 2004, along with Philips’ brand (manufactured by Andromed, of Montreal, Canada) electronic stethoscope model. The Rappaport-Sprague model stethoscope was heavy and short (18–24  in (46–61  cm)) with an antiquated appearance recognizable by their two large independent latex rubber tubes connecting an exposed-leaf-spring-joined-pair of opposing â€Å"f†-shaped chrome-plated brass binaural ear tubes with a dual-head chest piece. How to use†¦ * Clean off the earpieces before placing the stethoscope into your ears, especially if others share it or you seldom use it. In the hospital, earpieces are wiped with alcohol prep swabs. * Hold the chest piece between your palms to warm it before placing it on a person’s chest. Thirty seconds is usually long enough to remove the chill. * Place the stethoscope into your ears. * Hold the chest piece in your hand. With the other hand, tap a finger against the chest piece and listen. Many stethoscopes have reversible heads, which can be incompletely swiveled and block sound. Grip the chest piece between your middle and index fingers to provide firm contact with the skin. * To minimize extraneous noises, avoid touching or rubbing the tubing or chest piece against clothing, bedcovers or hair. * Place the chest piece onto the part of the body you want to listen to. For the heart, this is a few inches above the left nipple. You should hear a steady â€Å"lub dub. â €  This is known as the apical pulse. * Store your stethoscope so that the tubing isn’t kinked when you put it away. In hospitals, when stethoscopes are not being used, they’re generally hung by their earpieces so that the tubing can dangle freely. Loudhailer†¦ A  megaphone,  speaking-trumpet,  bullhorn,  blowhorn, or  loud hailer  is a portable, usually hand-held, cone-shaped  acoustic horn  used to  amplify  a person’s voice or othersounds  and direct it in a given direction. The sound is introduced into the narrow end of the megaphone, by holding it up to the face and speaking into it, and the sound waves radiate out the wide end. The megaphone increases the volume of sound by increasing the  acoustic impedance  seen by the  vocal cords,  matching  the impedance of the vocal cords to the air, so that more sound power is radiated. It also serves to direct the sound waves in the direction the horn is pointing. It somewhat distorts the sound of the voice because thefrequency response  of the megaphone is greater at higher sound  frequencies. Since the 1970s the voice-powered  acoustic megaphone  described above has been replaced by theelectric megaphone, which uses electric power to  amplify  the voice. History†¦ The initial inventor of the speaking trumpet is a subject of historical controversy, as both  Samuel Morland  and  Athanasius Kircher  lay claim to the device. Morland, in a work published in 1655, wrote about his experimentation with different horns and his most successful variant. This loudest horn was made of over 20 feet of copper and could supposedly project vocalizations as far as a mile and a half. [1] Twenty years earlier, Kircher described a device that could be used for both broadcasting on one end and â€Å"overhearing† on the other. His coiled horn would be wedged into the side of a building, connecting a speaker or listener inside with the surrounding environment. Morland favored a straight, tube-shaped speaking device, where an initial sound would reverberate in waves through the instrument and gradually become louder. Kircher’s horn, on the other hand, utilized a â€Å"cochleate† design, where the horn was twisted and coiled, unlike Morland’s design. A later,  papier-mache  trumpet of special design was the Sengerphone. [2] The term ‘megaphone’ was first associated with  Thomas Edison’s instrument 200 years later. In 1878, Edison developed a device similar to the speaking trumpet in hopes of benefiting the deaf and hard of hearing. His variation included three separate funnels lined up in a row. The two outer funnels, which were six feet and eight inches long, were made of paper and connected to a tube inserted in each ear. The middle funnel was similar to Morland’s speaking trumpet, but had a larger slot to insert a user’s mouth. [3] With Edison’s megaphone, a low whisper could be heard a thousand feet away, while a normal tone of voice could be heard roughly two miles away. On the listening end, the receiver could hear a low whisper at a thousand feet away. However the apparatus was much too large to be portable, limiting its use. George Prescott wrote: â€Å"The principal drawback at present is the large size of the apparatus. † Since the 1960s acoustic megaphones have generally been replaced by electric versions  (below), although the cheap, light, rugged acoustic megaphone is still used in a few venues, like cheering at sporting events,  cheerleading, and by  lifeguards  at pools and beaches where the moisture could damage the electronics of electric megaphones. How to use†¦ * Hold the megaphone several inches from your mouth with the small end toward you and the large end away from you. * Point the large end of the megaphone toward the crowd you wish to exhort. Speak loudly or shout into the small end. * Wait for the crowd’s response, then repeat Step 3 as necessary. Sonar†¦ Sonar  (originally an  acronym  for  Sound  Navigation  And  Ranging) is a technique that uses  sound  propagation (usually underwater, as in  submarine navigation) to  navigate, co mmunicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name â€Å"sonar†:  passive  sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels;  active  sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of  acoustic location  and of measurement of the echo characteristics of â€Å"targets† in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of  radar. Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and  SODAR  (an upward looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term  sonar  is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known as  underwater acoustics  orhydroacoustics. History†¦ Although some animals (dolphins and bats) have used sound for communication and object detection for millions of years, use by humans in the water is initially recorded by  Leonardo Da Vinci  in 1490: a tube inserted into the water was said to be used to detect vessels by placing an ear to the tube. [1] In the 19th century an underwater bell was used as an ancillary to  lighthouses  to provide warning of hazards. The use of sound to ‘echo locate’ underwater in the same way as  bats  use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been prompted by the  Titanic  disaster of 1912. The world’s first  patent  for an underwater echo ranging device was filed at the British  Patent Office  by English meteorologist  Lewis Richardson  a month after the sinking of the Titanic,[2]  and a German physicist  Alexander Behm  obtained a patent for an echo sounder in 1913. The Canadian engineer  Reginald Fessenden, while working for the Submarine Signal Company in Boston, built an experimental system beginning in 1912, a system later tested in Boston Harbor, and finally in 1914 from the U. S. Revenue (now Coast Guard) Cutter Miami on the  Grand Banks  off  Newfoundland  Canada. 2][3]  In that test, Fessenden demonstrated depth sounding, underwater communications (Morse Code) and echo ranging (detecting an iceberg at two miles (3  km) range). [4][5]  The so-called  Fessenden  oscillator, at ca. 500  Hz frequency, was unable to determine the bearing of the berg due to the 3 metre wavelength and the small dimension of the transduce r’s radiating face (less than 1 metre in diameter). The ten  Montreal-built  British H class submarines  launched in 1915 were equipped with aFessenden oscillator. [6] During  World War I  the need to detect  submarines  prompted more research into the use of sound. The British made early use of underwater hydrophones, while the French physicist  Paul Langevin, working with a Russian immigrant electrical engineer,  Constantin Chilowski, worked on the development of active sound devices for detecting submarines in 1915 using quartz. Although  piezoelectricand magnetostrictive transducers later superseded the  electrostatic  transducers they used, this work influenced future designs. Lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for  hydrophones  (acousto-electric transducers for in-water use), while  Terfenol-D  and PMN (lead magnesium niobate) have been developed for projectors. How to use†¦ * Install the transmitter. You’ll usually have a choice between mounting the transmitter beneath the boat, to a trolling motor or atop the interior hull and letting it drop into the water. * Set the fish finding sonar’s sensitivity while watching the display. When the sensitivity is too high, there will be static-like patterns on the display. If the sensitivity is too low, not even the bottom of the body of the water will appear on screen. * 3 * Determine the depth of the body of water. This will be a numeric value on the fish finder sonar system’s display. This is important in helping you to determine how much fishing line to feed out from your pole. * Get accustomed to the display’s representation of the body of water. The bottom will appear as a jagged, solid line near the bottom of your display. The surface of the water appears as a jumbled static-filled horizontal line at the top of your fish finder sonar system’s display. * Learn to identify patterns on your display that are brush piles if you’re fishing on a lake. Brush piles appear as blobs resting on the lake bottom. Fish such as bass hide out in brush piles, so consider fishing near these echoes. * Learn how to identify fish on your fish finder sonar system display with the fish symbols turned off. With the symbols turned off, fish appear as short curved lines above the bottom of the body of water. Adjust the fish finder sonar’s noise filter if there are lines in your display that look like random static. * Remember what the fish finder sonar display was indicating when you catch a fish. This will help you to learn how to use your system to catch more fish later if you keep in mind what to look for. How to cite Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear, Essay examples

Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear Free Essays

string(63) " production of highly regarded binoculars, with a few changes\." SENSE OF SIGHT†¦. The eyes are sensory organs. They keep the brain updated with information about is what happening around the body. We will write a custom essay sample on Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear or any similar topic only for you Order Now Both contain millions of tiny sensors that send messages along nerves to the brain. Sensors in the eyes respond to light and, through the brain, let us see the world. Sensors in the skin respond to touch and allows us to feel. * * * * The seeing eye†¦ Light enters the eye through the clear cornea. It then passes through the pupil and is focused by the lens on the retina. This thin layer covers the back of the eye and contains cells that are sensitive to light. When light hits the cells, they send signals to the brain. There, the signals are turned into pictures so we can see. Telescope†¦ A  telescope  is an instrument that aids in the observation of remote objects by collecting electromagnetic radiation  (such as  visible light). The first known practical telescopes were invented in the  Netherlands  at the beginning of the 17th century, using glass lenses. They found use in terrestrial applications and astronomy. Within a few decades, the  reflecting telescope  was invented, which used mirrors. In the 20th century many new types of telescopes were invented, including  radio telescopes  in the 1930s and  infrared telescopes  in the 1960s. The word  telescope  now refers to a wide range of instruments detecting different regions of the  electromagnetic spectrum, and in some cases other types of detectors. History†¦ The earliest recorded working telescopes were the  refracting telescopes  that appeared in the Netherlands  in 1608. Their development is credited to three individuals:  Hans Lippershey  and Zacharias Janssen, who were spectacle makers in Middelburg, and  Jacob Metius  of Alkmaar. 4]  Galileo  heard about the Dutch telescope in June 1609, built his own within a month,[5]  and greatly improved upon the design in the following year. The idea that the  objective, or light-gathering element, could be a mirror instead of a lens was being investigated soon after the invention of the refracting telescope. [6]  The potential advan tages of using  parabolic mirrors—reduction of  spherical aberration  and no  chromatic aberration—led to many proposed designs and several attempts to build  reflecting telescopes. 7]  In 1668,  Isaac Newton  built the first practical reflecting telescope, of a design which now bears his name, the  Newtonian reflector. The invention of the  achromatic lens  in 1733 partially corrected color aberrations present in the simple lens and enabled the construction of shorter, more functional refracting telescopes. Reflecting telescopes, though not limited by the color problems seen in refractors, were hampered by the use of fast tarnishing  speculum metal  mirrors employed during the 18th and early 19th century—a problem alleviated by the introduction of silver coated glass mirrors in 1857,[8]  and aluminized mirrors in 1932. 9]  The maximum physical size limit for refracting telescopes is about 1 meter (40  inches), dictating that the vast majority of large optical researching telescopes built since the turn of the 20th century have been reflectors. The largest reflecting telescopes currently have objectives larger than 10  m (33  feet). The 20th century also saw the development of telescopes that worked in a wide range of wavelengths from  radio  to  gamma-rays. The first purpose built radio telescope went into operation in 1937. Since then, a tremendous variety of complex astronomical instruments have been developed. How to use†¦ * Find an area where the items you wish to view aren’t obstructed by trees to set up your telescope so that you get a clear view of the sky. * Look to see if your telescope has a polar axis. If it does, it will track whatever you are looking at. If you have a telescope with a polar axis, follow your manufacturer’s directions on how to align the polar axis and the finder scope. * Select the eyepiece with the lowest magnification that you have. Always start with the lowest magnification eyepiece until you become more experienced in using your telescope. Locate the item in the night sky that you wish to observe and focus in on it. Move the planet or star you are viewing as close to the center of the field of view in the eyepiece as possible. * Remove the low magnification eyepiece and replace it with an eyepiece with a higher magnification. * Readjust the alignment of the telescope when the planet or star drifts out of view if you have a manual telescope mount. * Continue in this manner, observing different visible planets and stars. Binoculars †¦ Binoculars,  field glasses  or  binocular telescopes  are a pair of identical or mirror-symmetrical  telescopes  mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from  opera glasses  to large pedestal mounted military models. Many different abbreviations are used for binoculars, including  glasses, nocs ,noculars ,  binos  and  bins. Unlike a (monocular) telescope, binoculars give users a three-dimensional image: for nearer objects the two views, presented to ach of the viewer’s eyes from slightly different viewpoints, produce a merged view with an  impression of depth. History †¦ No sooner was the telescope invented in than the early 1600s than did astronomers get the idea of mounting two of them together, effectively inventing the first binoculars. Galileo (who is often falsely credited with having invented binoculars) adapted an earlier design, using optics that combined convex and concave lenses to create a magnifying effect just like that used today in the cheapest nonprismatic glasses marketed for sports or theater viewing, or for use by children. In the mid-1850s, Ignazio Porro of Italy patented a design using two prisms constructed in a Z shape to present the viewer with an image that not only is better magnified, but has depth. The Porro prism design was followed a few decades later by the roof prism, in which the prisms are constructed in one unit. Soon, binoculars were adapted for military use, and were employed during the Civil War. Quality made a big jump around the turn of the 19th century, and continued to be refined in the early 1900s. With the advent of World War II, more manufacturers entered the binoculars market, including, in the United States, Bausch ; Lomb. Germany continued with its production of highly regarded binoculars, with a few changes. You read "Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear" in category "Essay examples" For example, Zeiss, one of the top names in binoculars, experienced a confusing shift, with a new factory established in East Germany under Russian control with the Zeiss name while another factory named Zeiss was began exporting from West Germany, according to a history in the 1961 book Binoculars and Scopes and Their Uses in Photography, by Robert J. and Elsa Reichert. Japan exports binoculars via various manufacturers, and some U. S. ompanies import Japanese-made binoculars but sell them under the U. S. company name. How to use†¦ * Put the binocular strap around your neck. Wearing the neck-strap gives you the ability to use both hands while you are using the binoculars. * Adjust the barrels of the binoculars — each side you look into — to the width of your face. Generally, all you need to do i s move the barrels closer together or further apart as you hold the binoculars up to your eyes. If you have adjusted the binoculars correctly, you should not see a black â€Å"border† when you look through the eyepieces. Locate the central focus wheel, usually in the middle of the two barrels of the binoculars. Turn the wheel slowly as you look at a particular object in the distance to get the best focus for your eyes. * Fine-tune your viewing even more if you have a diopter focus mechanism on your binoculars. Not all binoculars have this focus element, which helps compensate for the difference in vision that you might experience in each of your eyes. The diopter focus adjustment wheel is usually on the right-hand barrel. * Keep both eyes open as you view your target objects. You might need to re-focus from time to time. * Clean your binoculars after using them. A soft, damp cloth is sufficient for the body of the binoculars. Treated tissue paper used to clean cameras and eye glasses is safe for wiping the lenses. Store binoculars in their carrying case when you’re not using them. Microscope †¦ A  microscope  (from the  Ancient Greek:   ,  mikros, â€Å"small† and   ,  skopein, â€Å"to look† or â€Å"see†) is an  instrument  used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. The science of investigating small objects using such an instrument is called  microscopy . Microscopic  means invisible to the eye unless aided by a microscope. There are many types of microscopes, the most common and first to be invented is theoptical microscope  which uses  light  to image the sample. Other major types of microscopes are the  electron microscope  (both the  transmission electron microscope  and the  scanning electron microscope) and the various types of  scanning probe microscope History †¦ The first microscope to be developed was the optical microscope, although the original inventor is not easy to identify. An early microscope was made in 1590 in  Middelburg, Netherlands. 1]  Two  eyeglass  makers are variously given credit:  Hans Lippershey   (who developed an early  telescope) and  Zacharias Janssen. Giovanni Faber  coined the namemicroscope   for  Galileo Galilei’s compound microscope in 1625  [2]  (Galileo had called it the â€Å"occhiolino† or â€Å"little eye†). How to useâ⠂¬ ¦. * When moving your microscope, always carry it with both hands (Figure 1, below). Grasp the arm with one hand and place the other hand under the base for support. * Turn the revolving nosepiece so that the lowest power objective lens is â€Å"clicked† into position (This is also the shortest objective lens). Your microscope slide should be prepared with a coverslip or cover glass over the specimen. This will help protect the objective lenses if they touch the slide. Place the microscope slide on the stage and fasten it with the stage clips. You can push down on the back end of the stage clip to open it. * Look at the objective lens and the stage from the side (Figure 2) and turn the coarse focus knob so that the objective lens moves downward (or the stage, if it moves, goes upward). Move it as far as it will go  without touching the slide! * 5. Now, look through the eyepiece and adjust the illuminator (or mirror) and diaphragm (Figure 3) for the greatest amount of light. | | | * Slowly turn the coarse adjustment so that the objective lens goes  up  (away from the slide). Continue until the image comes into focus. Use the fine adjustment, if available, for fine focusing. If you have a microscope with a moving stage, then turn the coarse knob so the stage moves downward or away from the objective lens. * Move the microscope slide around so that the image is in the center of the field of view and readjust the mirror, illuminator or diaphragm for the clearest image. Now, you should be able to change to the next objective lenses with only minimal use of the focusing adjustment. Use the fine adjustment, if available. If you cannot focus on your specimen, repeat steps 4 through 7 with the higher power objective lens in place. Do not allow the objective lens to touch the slide! * The proper way to use a monocular microscope is to look through the eyepiece with one eye and keep the other eye open (this helps avoid eye strain). If you have to close one eye when looking into the microscope, it’s ok. Remember, everything is upside down and backwards. When you move the slide to the right, the image goes to the left! * Do not touch the glass part of the lenses with your fingers. Use only special lens paper to clean the lenses. * When finished, raise the tube (or lower the stage), click the low power lens into position and remove the slide. * Always keep your microscope covered when not in use. Submarine†¦ A  submarine  is a  watercraft  capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a  submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term submarine most commonly refers to a large crewed autonomous vessel. However, historically or colloquially, submarine can also refer to medium-sized or smaller vessels (midget submarines,  wet subs),  remotely operated vehiclesor  robots. The adjective  submarine, in terms such as  submarine cable, means â€Å"under the sea†. The noun  submarine  evolved as a shortened form of  submarine boat(and is often further shortened to  sub). [1]  For reasons of  naval traditionsubmarines are usually referred to as â€Å"boats† rather than as â€Å"ships†, regardless of their size. Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, and they were adopted by several navies. Submarines were first widely used during  World War I  (1914–1918) and now figure in many large  navies. Military usage includes attacking enemy surface ships or submarines,  aircraft carrier  protection,  blockaderunning,  ballistic missile submarines  as part of a nuclear strike force,  reconnaissance, conventional land attack (for example using acruise missile), and covert insertion of  special forces. Civilian uses for submarines include  marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection/maintenance. Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or  undersea cable  repair. Submarines are also used in tourism, and for  undersea archaeology. Most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical (and/or conical) ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines this structure is the â€Å"sail† in American usage, and â€Å"fin† in European usage. A â€Å"conning tower† was a feature of earlier designs: a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller (or pump jet) at the rear and various hydrodynamic control fins as well as ballast tanks. Smaller, deep diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout. Submarines have one of the largest ranges of capabilities in any vessel, ranging from small autonomous examples to one- or two-person vessels operating for a few hours, to vessels which can remain submerged for 6 months such as the  Russian  Typhoon class  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ the biggest submarines ever built and in use. Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human  divers. Modern deep diving submarines are derived from the  bathyscaphe, which in turn was an evolution of the  diving bell. History†¦ The first submersible of which we have reliable information on its construction was built in 1620 by  Cornelius Drebbel, a  Dutchman  in the service of  James I of England. It was created to the standards of the design outlined by English mathematician  William Bourne. It was propelled by means of oars. The precise nature of the submarine type is a matter of some controversy; some claim that it was merely a bell towed by a boat. Two improved types were tested in the  Thames  between 1620 and 1624. In 2002 a two-person version of Bourne’s design was built for the  BBC  TV programme  Building the Impossible  by  Mark Edwards, and successfully rowed under water at  Dorney Lake,  Eton. Though the first submersible vehicles were tools for exploring under water, it did not take long for inventors to recognize their military potential. The strategic advantages of submarines were set out by Bishop  John Wilkins  of  Chester, England, in  Mathematicall Magick  in 1648: 1. This private: a man may thus go to any coast in the world invisibly, without discovery or prevented in his journey. 2. This safe, from the uncertainty of Tides, and the violence of Tempests, which do never move the sea above five or six paces deep. From Pirates and Robbers which do so infest other voyages; from ice and great frost, which do so much endanger the passages towards the Poles. 3. It may be of great advantages against a Navy of enemies, who by this may be undermined in the water and blown up. 4. It may be of special use for the relief of any place besieged by water, to convey unto them invisible supplies; and so likewise for the surprisal of any place that is accessible by water. 5. It may be of unspeakable benefit for submarine experiment How it work†¦ The adaptations and inventions that allow sailors to not only fight a battle, but also live for months or even years underwater are some of the most brilliant developments in military history. In this article, you will see how a submarine dives and surfaces in the water, how life support is maintained, how the submarine gets its power, how a submarine finds its way in the deep ocean and how submarines might be rescued. Ultrasound scanning device†¦ Ultrasound  is a cyclic  sound  pressure wave with a  frequency  greater than the upper limit of the human  hearing range. Ultrasound is thus not separated from â€Å"normal† (audible) sound based on differences in physical properties, only the fact that humans cannot hear it. Although this limit varies from person to person, it is approximately 20  kilohertz  (20,000 hertz) in healthy, young adults. Ultrasound devices operate with frequencies from 20  kHz up to several gigahertz. Ultrasound is used in many different fields. Ultrasonic devices are used to detect objects and measure distances. Ultrasonic imaging (sonography) is used in human and veterinary medicine. In non-destructive testing of products and structures, ultrasound is used to detect invisible flaws. Industrially, ultrasound is used for cleaning and for mixing, and to accelerate chemical processes. Organisms such as bats and porpoises use ultrasound for locating prey and obstacles. Ultrasonics  is the application of  ultrasound. Ultrasound can be used for imaging, detection, measurement, and cleaning. At higher power levels ultrasonics are useful for changing the chemical  . History †¦ Acoustics, the science of sound, starts as far back as  Pythagoras  in the 6th century BC, who wrote on the mathematical properties of stringed instruments. Sir  Francis Galton  constructed  a whistle  producing ultrasound in 1893. The first technological application of ultrasound was an attempt to detect icebergs by  Paul Langevin  in 1917. The  piezoelectric effect  discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880 was useful in transducers to generate and detect ultrasonic waves in air and water. [2]  Echolocation  in bats was discovered byLazzaro Spallanzani  in 1794, when he demonstrated that bats hunted and navigated by inaudible sound and not vision. How it works†¦ There are many reasons to get an ultrasound. Perhaps you’re pregnant, and your obstetrician wants you to have an ultrasound to check on the developing baby or determine the due date. Maybe you’re having problems with blood  circulation in a limb or your heart, and your doctor has requested a Doppler ultrasound to look at the blood flow. Ultrasound has been a popular medical imaging technique for many years. Ultrasound  or  ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high frequency sound waves and their echoes. The technique is similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales and dolphins, as well as SONAR used by  submarines. In this article, we’ll look at how ultrasound works, what type of ultrasound techniques are vailable and what each technique can be used for. Magnifying glass†¦ A  magnifying glass  (called a  hand lens  in laboratory contexts) is a  convex lens  that is used to produce a  magnified  image  of an object. The  lens  is usually mounted in a frame with a handle (see image). A  sheet magnifier  consists of many very narrow concentric ring-shaped lenses, such that the combination a cts as a single lens but is much thinner. This arrangement is known as aFresnel lens. The magnifying glass is an icon of  detective fiction, particularly that of  Sherlock Holmes. History †¦ The earliest evidence of â€Å"a magnifying device, a convex lens forming a magnified image† was Aristophanes’s â€Å"lens†, from 424 BC, a glass globe filled with water. (Seneca  wrote that it could be used to read letters â€Å"no matter how small or dim†). [1]  Roger Bacon  described the properties of a magnifying glass in 13th-century  England. Eyeglasses  were developed in 13th-century  Italy. How it works†¦ The  magnification  of a magnifying glass depends upon where it is placed between the user’s eye and the object being viewed, and the total distance between them. The  magnifying power  is equivalent to  angular magnification  (this should not be confused with  optical power, which is a different quantity). The magnifying power is the ratio of the sizes of the images formed on the user’s retina with and without the lens. [3]  For the â€Å"without† case, it is typically assumed that the user would bring the object as close to the eye as possible without it becoming blurry. This point, known as the  near point,  varies with age. In a young child it can be as close as 5  cm, while in an elderly person it may be as far as one or two metres. Magnifiers are typically characterized using a â€Å"standard† value of 0. 25  m. The highest magnifying power is obtained by putting the lens very close to the eye and moving the eye and the lens together to obtain the best  focus. The object will then typically also be close to the lens. Sense of hearing†¦ Hearing,  auditory perception, or  audition  is the ability to perceive  sound  by detectingvibrations,  changes in the pressure of the surrounding medium through time, through an organ such as the  ear. Sound may be heard through  solid,  liquid, or  gaseous  matter. It is one of the traditional five  senses. The inability to hear is called  deafness. In humans and other vertebrates, hearing is performed primarily by the  auditory system: vibrations are detected by the  ear  and transduced into nerve impulses that are perceived by the  brain  (primarily in the  temporal lobe). Like  touch, audition requires sensitivity to the movement of molecules in the world outside the organism. Both hearing and touch are types of mechanosensation. Stethoscope †¦ The  stethoscope  is an acoustic  medical  device for  auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body. It is often used to listen to lung and  heart sounds. It is also used to listen to  intestines  and blood flow in  arteries  and  veins. In combination with asphygmomanometer, it is commonly used for measurements of  blood pressure. Less commonly, â€Å"mechanic’s stethoscopes† are used to listen to internal sounds made by machines, such as diagnosing a malfunctioning automobile engine by listening to the sounds of its internal parts. Stethoscopes can also be used to check scientific vacuum chambers for leaks, and for various other small-scale acoustic monitoring tasks. A stethoscope that intensifies auscultatory sounds is called  phonendoscope. History†¦ The stethoscope was invented in  France  in 1816 by  Rene Laennec  at the  Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital  in  Paris. [1]  It consisted of a wooden tube and was monaural. His device was similar to the common  ear trumpet, a historical form of hearing aid; indeed, his invention was almost indistinguishable in structure and function from the trumpet, which was commonly called a â€Å"microphone†. The first flexible stethoscope of any sort may have been a binaural instrument with articulated joints not very clearly described in 1829. 2]  In 1840,Golding Bird  described a stethoscope he had been using with a flexible tube. Bird was the first to publish a description of such a stethoscope but he noted in his paper the prior existence of an earlier design (which he thought was of little utility) which he described as the snake ear trumpet. Bird’s stethoscope ha d a single earpiece. [3]  In 1851, Irish physician Arthur Leared invented a binaural stethoscope, and in 1852 George Cammann perfected the design of the instrument for commercial production, which has become the standard ever since. Cammann also wrote a major treatise on diagnosis by auscultation, which the refined binaural stethoscope made possible. By 1873, there were descriptions of a differential stethoscope that could connect to slightly different locations to create a slight stereo effect, though this did not become a standard tool in clinical practice. The medical historian  Jacalyn Duffin  has argued that the invention of the stethoscope marked a major step in the redefinition of disease from being a bundle of symptoms, to the current sense of a disease as a problem with an anatomical system even if there are no noticeable symptoms. This re-conceptualiization occurred in part, Duffin argues, because prior to the stethoscopes, there were no non-lethal instruments for exploring internal anatomy. [4] Rappaport and Sprague designed a new stethoscope in the 1940s, which became the standard by which other stethoscopes are measured, consisting of two sides, one of which is used for the respiratory system, the other for the cardiovascular system. The Rappaport-Sprague was later made by  Hewlett-Packard. HP’s medical products division was spun off as part of Agilent Technologies, Inc. , where it became Agilent Healthcare. Agilent Healthcare was purchased byPhilips  which became Philips Medical Systems, before the walnut-boxed, $300, original Rappaport-Sprague stethoscope was finally abandoned ca. 2004, along with Philips’ brand (manufactured by Andromed, of Montreal, Canada) electronic stethoscope model. The Rappaport-Sprague model stethoscope was heavy and short (18–24  in (46–61  cm)) with an antiquated appearance recognizable by their two large independent latex rubber tubes connecting an exposed-leaf-spring-joined-pair of opposing â€Å"f†-shaped chrome-plated brass binaural ear tubes with a dual-head chest piece. How to use†¦ * Clean off the earpieces before placing the stethoscope into your ears, especially if others share it or you seldom use it. In the hospital, earpieces are wiped with alcohol prep swabs. * Hold the chest piece between your palms to warm it before placing it on a person’s chest. Thirty seconds is usually long enough to remove the chill. * Place the stethoscope into your ears. * Hold the chest piece in your hand. With the other hand, tap a finger against the chest piece and listen. Many stethoscopes have reversible heads, which can be incompletely swiveled and block sound. Grip the chest piece between your middle and index fingers to provide firm contact with the skin. * To minimize extraneous noises, avoid touching or rubbing the tubing or chest piece against clothing, bedcovers or hair. * Place the chest piece onto the part of the body you want to listen to. For the heart, this is a few inches above the left nipple. You should hear a steady â€Å"lub dub. â €  This is known as the apical pulse. * Store your stethoscope so that the tubing isn’t kinked when you put it away. In hospitals, when stethoscopes are not being used, they’re generally hung by their earpieces so that the tubing can dangle freely. Loudhailer†¦ A  megaphone,  speaking-trumpet,  bullhorn,  blowhorn, or  loud hailer  is a portable, usually hand-held, cone-shaped  acoustic horn  used to  amplify  a person’s voice or othersounds  and direct it in a given direction. The sound is introduced into the narrow end of the megaphone, by holding it up to the face and speaking into it, and the sound waves radiate out the wide end. The megaphone increases the volume of sound by increasing the  acoustic impedance  seen by the  vocal cords,  matching  the impedance of the vocal cords to the air, so that more sound power is radiated. It also serves to direct the sound waves in the direction the horn is pointing. It somewhat distorts the sound of the voice because thefrequency response  of the megaphone is greater at higher sound  frequencies. Since the 1970s the voice-powered  acoustic megaphone  described above has been replaced by theelectric megaphone, which uses electric power to  amplify  the voice. History†¦ The initial inventor of the speaking trumpet is a subject of historical controversy, as both  Samuel Morland  and  Athanasius Kircher  lay claim to the device. Morland, in a work published in 1655, wrote about his experimentation with different horns and his most successful variant. This loudest horn was made of over 20 feet of copper and could supposedly project vocalizations as far as a mile and a half. [1] Twenty years earlier, Kircher described a device that could be used for both broadcasting on one end and â€Å"overhearing† on the other. His coiled horn would be wedged into the side of a building, connecting a speaker or listener inside with the surrounding environment. Morland favored a straight, tube-shaped speaking device, where an initial sound would reverberate in waves through the instrument and gradually become louder. Kircher’s horn, on the other hand, utilized a â€Å"cochleate† design, where the horn was twisted and coiled, unlike Morland’s design. A later,  papier-mache  trumpet of special design was the Sengerphone. [2] The term ‘megaphone’ was first associated with  Thomas Edison’s instrument 200 years later. In 1878, Edison developed a device similar to the speaking trumpet in hopes of benefiting the deaf and hard of hearing. His variation included three separate funnels lined up in a row. The two outer funnels, which were six feet and eight inches long, were made of paper and connected to a tube inserted in each ear. The middle funnel was similar to Morland’s speaking trumpet, but had a larger slot to insert a user’s mouth. [3] With Edison’s megaphone, a low whisper could be heard a thousand feet away, while a normal tone of voice could be heard roughly two miles away. On the listening end, the receiver could hear a low whisper at a thousand feet away. However the apparatus was much too large to be portable, limiting its use. George Prescott wrote: â€Å"The principal drawback at present is the large size of the apparatus. † Since the 1960s acoustic megaphones have generally been replaced by electric versions  (below), although the cheap, light, rugged acoustic megaphone is still used in a few venues, like cheering at sporting events,  cheerleading, and by  lifeguards  at pools and beaches where the moisture could damage the electronics of electric megaphones. How to use†¦ * Hold the megaphone several inches from your mouth with the small end toward you and the large end away from you. * Point the large end of the megaphone toward the crowd you wish to exhort. Speak loudly or shout into the small end. * Wait for the crowd’s response, then repeat Step 3 as necessary. Sonar†¦ Sonar  (originally an  acronym  for  Sound  Navigation  And  Ranging) is a technique that uses  sound  propagation (usually underwater, as in  submarine navigation) to  navigate, co mmunicate with or detect objects on or under the surface of the water, such as other vessels. Two types of technology share the name â€Å"sonar†:  passive  sonar is essentially listening for the sound made by vessels;  active  sonar is emitting pulses of sounds and listening for echoes. Sonar may be used as a means of  acoustic location  and of measurement of the echo characteristics of â€Å"targets† in the water. Acoustic location in air was used before the introduction of  radar. Sonar may also be used in air for robot navigation, and  SODAR  (an upward looking in-air sonar) is used for atmospheric investigations. The term  sonar  is also used for the equipment used to generate and receive the sound. The acoustic frequencies used in sonar systems vary from very low (infrasonic) to extremely high (ultrasonic). The study of underwater sound is known as  underwater acoustics  orhydroacoustics. History†¦ Although some animals (dolphins and bats) have used sound for communication and object detection for millions of years, use by humans in the water is initially recorded by  Leonardo Da Vinci  in 1490: a tube inserted into the water was said to be used to detect vessels by placing an ear to the tube. [1] In the 19th century an underwater bell was used as an ancillary to  lighthouses  to provide warning of hazards. The use of sound to ‘echo locate’ underwater in the same way as  bats  use sound for aerial navigation seems to have been prompted by the  Titanic  disaster of 1912. The world’s first  patent  for an underwater echo ranging device was filed at the British  Patent Office  by English meteorologist  Lewis Richardson  a month after the sinking of the Titanic,[2]  and a German physicist  Alexander Behm  obtained a patent for an echo sounder in 1913. The Canadian engineer  Reginald Fessenden, while working for the Submarine Signal Company in Boston, built an experimental system beginning in 1912, a system later tested in Boston Harbor, and finally in 1914 from the U. S. Revenue (now Coast Guard) Cutter Miami on the  Grand Banks  off  Newfoundland  Canada. 2][3]  In that test, Fessenden demonstrated depth sounding, underwater communications (Morse Code) and echo ranging (detecting an iceberg at two miles (3  km) range). [4][5]  The so-called  Fessenden  oscillator, at ca. 500  Hz frequency, was unable to determine the bearing of the berg due to the 3 metre wavelength and the small dimension of the transduce r’s radiating face (less than 1 metre in diameter). The ten  Montreal-built  British H class submarines  launched in 1915 were equipped with aFessenden oscillator. [6] During  World War I  the need to detect  submarines  prompted more research into the use of sound. The British made early use of underwater hydrophones, while the French physicist  Paul Langevin, working with a Russian immigrant electrical engineer,  Constantin Chilowski, worked on the development of active sound devices for detecting submarines in 1915 using quartz. Although  piezoelectricand magnetostrictive transducers later superseded the  electrostatic  transducers they used, this work influenced future designs. Lightweight sound-sensitive plastic film and fibre optics have been used for  hydrophones  (acousto-electric transducers for in-water use), while  Terfenol-D  and PMN (lead magnesium niobate) have been developed for projectors. How to use†¦ * Install the transmitter. You’ll usually have a choice between mounting the transmitter beneath the boat, to a trolling motor or atop the interior hull and letting it drop into the water. * Set the fish finding sonar’s sensitivity while watching the display. When the sensitivity is too high, there will be static-like patterns on the display. If the sensitivity is too low, not even the bottom of the body of the water will appear on screen. * 3 * Determine the depth of the body of water. This will be a numeric value on the fish finder sonar system’s display. This is important in helping you to determine how much fishing line to feed out from your pole. * Get accustomed to the display’s representation of the body of water. The bottom will appear as a jagged, solid line near the bottom of your display. The surface of the water appears as a jumbled static-filled horizontal line at the top of your fish finder sonar system’s display. * Learn to identify patterns on your display that are brush piles if you’re fishing on a lake. Brush piles appear as blobs resting on the lake bottom. Fish such as bass hide out in brush piles, so consider fishing near these echoes. * Learn how to identify fish on your fish finder sonar system display with the fish symbols turned off. With the symbols turned off, fish appear as short curved lines above the bottom of the body of water. Adjust the fish finder sonar’s noise filter if there are lines in your display that look like random static. * Remember what the fish finder sonar display was indicating when you catch a fish. This will help you to learn how to use your system to catch more fish later if you keep in mind what to look for. 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